Zoologix performs primate infectious disease tests by PCR for...

Adenoviruses

African green monkey endogenous virus

Aspergillus

B virus

Babesia

Baboon endogenous virus

Baylisascaris procyonis

Borrelia burgdorferi

Burkholderia

Campylobacter

Chagas' disease

Chikungunya virus

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Chlamydophila trachomatis

Clostridium

Coccidioides

Cronobacter sakazakii

Cryptosporidium

Cynomolgus polyomavirus

Cytomegalovirus, baboon

Cytomegalovirus, chimpanzee

Cytomegalovirus, human

Cytomegalovirus, macaque

Cytomegalovirus, simian

Dengue

E. coli O157:H7

E. coli panel

Encephalitis, Japanese

Encephalitis, St. Louis

Encephalomyocarditis (EMCV)

Entamoeba species

Enterovirus

Epstein-Barr virus

Giardia

Gibbon ape leukemia

Helicobacter

Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis C virus

Herpes ateles

Herpes B virus

Herpes simplex type 1

Herpes simplex type 2

Herpes tamarinus

Herpesvirus ateles

Herpesvirus papio 1 & 2

Herpesvirus saimiri

Human adenoviruses

Human herpesviruses types 6, 7 & 8

Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 & 2

Human T cell lymphotropic virus

Human Varicella-Zoster

Influenza type A

Klebsiella

Lawsonia intracellularis

Leishmania

Leptospira

Lyme disease

Lymphocryptovirus

Malaria

Measles

Monkeypox

Mycobacteria

Mycoplasma

Neisseria gonorhoeae

Neisseria meningitidis

Papillomavirus

Parvoviruses

Plasmodium species

Reovirus screen

Rhesus rhadinovirus

Rotavirus

Salmonella

Shigella and enteroinvasive E. coli

Simian agent 6 (SA6)

Simian agent 8 (SA8)

Simian foamy virus (SFV)

Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHFV)

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)

Simian parainfluenza virus

Simian retrovirus (SRV)

Simian sarcoma virus

Simian T-cell leukemia (STLV) types 1 & 2

Simian T-cell leukemia (STLV) type 3

Simian Varicella-Zoster

Squirrel monkey retrovirus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes

SV40

SV5

Syphilis

Tetanus

Toxoplasma gondii

Treponema

Trichomonas/
Tritrichomonas

Trypanosoma cruzi

Tuberculosis

Ureaplasma

Valley fever

West Nile virus (WNV)

Yaws

Yellow fever

Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Zika virus

* * *

Genetic tests for...

A/B/AB blood type in macaques

Cynomolgus genotyping

Fetal sexing

Mamu-6 in macaques

Mamu-7 in macaques

CYP2C76 c.449TG>A
in macaques

Mu opioid receptor
in macaques

smCCR5Δ24
in sooty mangabeys

...and more - contact Zoologix with your genetic testing requirements


Dengue PCR test for primates
primate assay data sheet

Dengue

Test code:
S0060 - Ultrasensitive qualitative detection of Dengue virus by reverse transcription coupled real time polymerase chain reaction. Assay detects but does not differentiate common strains of Dengue virus types 1, 2, 3 and 4.

 

Dengue viruses belong to the family Flaviviridae which contains close to 70 different viruses. These include viruses causing yellow fever and several encephalitides, such as Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis. There are four distinct serotypes of Dengue virus that are all mosquito-borne (Gubler, 1998; Halstead, 1997). Each of the four Dengue virus serotypes can produce a wide spectrum of disease severity. The Dengue fever (DF) is the most common, and occurs more frequently among older children and adults. DF is self-limiting and is characterized by a sudden onset of nonspecific indicators such as headache, myalgia, arthralgia and rashes. DF can range in severity from a minor infirmity to a temporarily incapacitating syndrome with residual fatigue and depression.

At the extreme of Dengue virus infection is the Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which primarily affects children under the age of 10 years. The clinical symptoms of DHF include plasma leakage, a bleeding tendency, and liver involvement, which may lead to potentially life-threatening syndromes including disseminated intravascular coagulation and Dengue shock syndrome. There are no vaccines for Dengue, and treatment is limited to supportive therapies. It is estimated that 50-100 million people suffer from Dengue fever annually and hundreds of thousands of cases of Dengue hemorrhagic fever occur in the tropics every year (Gubler, 1998; Halstead, 1997).

Primates such as chimpanzees can be experimentally infected by Dengue viruses followed by viremia but they do not show clinical symptoms (Scherer et al., 1978). They become carriers and facilitate transmission of the virus. Serological studies have shown widespread exposure of wild monkeys to this virus (Furumizo and Rudnick, 1979; Wolfe et al., 2001). Thus, laboratory personnel involved in handling monkeys are highly susceptible to infection by this virus.

The virus contains a positive RNA genomic strand approximately 11 kb in length. Studies of evolutionary relationships between the four serologically distinct Dengue viruses have shown that each serotype can further be subdivided into several major genotypes or monophyletic groups. For example, five genotypes or monophyletic groups have been described for Dengue 1 virus.

Dengue virus infections can be confirmed by serological testing or virus isolation by culture in insect cells or mosquito inoculation, but these methods are time consuming, labor intensive and have limited sensitivity for detecting low levels of the virus. For serological determination of Dengue viral infection, a definitive diagnosis requires testing of acute- and convalescent-phase samples, usually collected at least 7 days apart, to demonstrate a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titer. This time lapse delays the assignment of the correct treatment regimen. PCR detection of Dengue virus is not only quick (usually less than 2 days) but is also sensitive and specific.

Utilities:

  • Help confirm the disease causing agent
  • Help ensure that animal colonies are free of Dengue virus
  • Early prevention of spread of the virus among a colony
  • Minimize personnel exposure to the virus
  • Safety monitoring of biological products and vaccines that derive from primates

References:
Furumizo, R.T. and Rudnick, A. (1979) Laboratory observations on the life history of two species of the Aedes (Finlaya) niveus subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaysia. J Med Entomol 15: 573-575.
Gubler, D.J. (1998) Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11: 480-496.
Halstead, S.B. (1997) Epidemiology of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, p. 23-44. In D. J. Gubler and G. Kuno (ed.) Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Scherer, W.F., Russell, P.K., Rosen, L., Casals, J. and Dickerman RW (1978) Experimental infection of chimpanzees with dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27: 594-599.
Wolfe, N.D., Kilbourn, A.M., Karesh, W.B., Rahman, H.A., Bosi, E.J., Cropp, B.C., Andau, M., Spielman, A. and Gubler, D.J. (2001) Sylvatic transmission of arboviruses among Bornean orangutans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64:310-6.

Specimen requirements: 0.2 ml whole blood in EDTA (purple top) tube, or 0.2 ml plasma or serum.

Contact Zoologix if advice is needed to determine an appropriate specimen type for a specific diagnostic application. For specimen types not listed here, please contact Zoologix to confirm specimen acceptability and shipping instructions.

For all specimen types, if there will be a delay in shipping, or during very warm weather, refrigerate specimens until shipped and ship with a cold pack unless more stringent shipping requirements are specified. Frozen specimens should be shipped so as to remain frozen in transit. See shipping instructions for more information.

Turnaround time: 2 business days

Methodology: Qualitative reverse transcription coupled real time PCR

Normal range: Nondetected

©2003-2024 Zoologix, Inc. • Email Zoologix • Phone (818) 717-8880