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And... just for rabbits: our new Rabbit Fecal PCR Panel tests for 3 common causes of GI problems in rabbits.

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Zoologix also performs rodent and rabbit PCR tests for...

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Mousepox virus (aka ectromelia virus, EV or ECTRO)

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Rabbit coronavirus

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Rat bite fever

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Seoul virus

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Streptobacillus moniliformis

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Syphacia muris

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Tickborne encephalitis virus

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Whitewater Arroyo virus

Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis


Seoul hantavirus PCR test

rodent and rabbit assay data sheet

Seoul hantavirus

Test code: S0224 - Ultrasensitive qualitative detection of Seoul hantavirus ("Seoul virus") by reverse transcription coupled real time PCR. This test is specific for Seoul virus - see test code S0135 for detection of other hantaviruses.

Hantaviruses belong to the family Bunyaviridae. There are 5 genera within the family: bunyavirus, phlebovirus, nairovirus, tospovirus, and hantavirus. Each is made up of negative-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses. All these genera are transmitted by insects, with the exception of hantaviruses, which are rodent-borne.

Hantaviruses are enveloped viruses with a genome that consists of three single-stranded negative RNA segments designated S (small), M (medium), and L (large). The S RNA encodes the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The M RNA encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved to yield the envelope glycoproteins G1 and G2. The L RNA encodes the L protein, which functions as the viral transcriptase/replicase.

Several members of the hantavirus genus cause Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) with various severity. Infected individuals will usually develop symptoms of HFRS within 1 to 2 weeks, but in rare cases symptoms may take up to 8 weeks to develop. Early symptoms include intense headaches, back and abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, and blurred vision. Occasionally, infected individuals may develop flushing of the face, inflammation or redness of the eyes, or a rash. As disease progresses, infected individuals may have low blood pressure, acute shock, vascular leakage, and acute kidney failure, which can cause severe fluid overload. The severity of the disease varies depending upon the virus causing the infection. Hantaan and Dobrava virus infections usually cause severe symptoms, while Seoul, Saaremaa, and Puumala virus infections are usually more moderate. Complete recovery can take weeks or months.

The four viruses that are associated with HFRS are named for the region from which they were first isolated. These viruses have different primary hosts: Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) for Hantaan virus, Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) and Rattus rattus (black rat) for Seoul virus, Clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) for Puumala virus, and Apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked field mouse) for Dobrava virus. Hantaan virus and Dobrava virus are associated with a severe form of HFRS with an estimated mortality rate of 5% to 15%. Seoul virus causes a more moderate form of HFRS, but has a much wider world distribution than the other viruses in this group. Serologic evidence for infection with Seoul hantavirus has been found in rodents in major cities of the United States, and this virus was recently implicated in human cases of HFRS in Baltimore, Wisconsin and Illinois, and possibly other US states as well.

Serological testing of Seoul hantavirus infection is usually inadequate due to cross-reactivity with other viruses. Confirmation of Seoul hantavirus diagnosis, however, can be easily performed using PCR detection of the virus in samples of blood, tissue or other excretions from infected animals (Vaheri et al., 2008).

Utilities:

  • Help confirm the disease causing agent
  • Shorten the time required to confirm a clinical diagnosis of this virus
  • Help ensure that rodent populations and colonies are free of this virus
  • Early prevention of spread of this virus among a population or in a geographic area
  • Minimize human exposure to this virus
  • Safety monitoring of biological products that derive from rodents

References:
Vaheri, A., Vapalahti, O. and Plyusnin, A. (2008) How to diagnose hantavirus infections and detect them in rodents and insectivores. Rev. Med. Virol. 18:277-88.

Specimen requirements: 1 fecal pellet, or 0.2 ml whole blood in EDTA (purple top) tube, or environmental wipes/swabs, or 0.2 ml cell culture.

Contact Zoologix if advice is needed to determine an appropriate specimen type for a specific diagnostic application. For specimen types not listed here, please contact Zoologix to confirm specimen acceptability and shipping instructions.

For all specimen types, if there will be a delay in shipping, or during very warm weather, refrigerate specimens until shipped and ship with a cold pack unless more stringent shipping requirements are specified. Frozen specimens should be shipped so as to remain frozen in transit. See shipping instructions for more information.

Turnaround time: 2 business days

Methodology: Qualitative reverse transcription coupled real time polymerase chain reaction

Normal range: Nondetected

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