Trichomonas / Tritrichomonas

Test codes:
X0013 - Ultrasensitive qalitative detection but not differentiation of several common Trichomonas/Tritrichomonas species by polymerase chain reaction, including T. hominis, T. gallinae, T. gallinarum, T. foetus/suis, T. vaginalis and T. equi.
X0047 - Ultrasensitive qualitative specific detection of Trichomonas hominis (also known as Pentatrichomonas hominis) only, by polymerase chain reaction.

Many species in the genus Trichomonas can infect man, but trichomoniasis is also a major problem in poultry, birds and horses. All trichomonads have three to five anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a recurrent flagellum attached to the edge of the undulating membrane. There is no cyst stage for this protozoan parasite. Following are some Trichomonads posing major health threats to humans, livestock, birds and other animals:

Trichomonas/Pentatrichomonas hominis
Trichomonas hominis, or Pentatrichomonas hominis, is a species of anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Pentatrichomonas in the family Trichomonadidae. It primarily inhabits the large intestine of various mammals, including dogs, cats, primates, pigs, and humans, where it typically exists as a commensal organism without causing harm. However, it can become an opportunistic pathogen in patients with weakened immune systems, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, or gastrointestinal disturbances.

The organism exists only in its trophozoite (active, feeding) stage, with no cyst form. It thrives in anaerobic environments like the gut lumen, feeding on bacteria and debris. Transmission is primarily through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water, food, or poor hygiene.

The primary route of transmission for this parasite is the fecal-oral route. This occurs through the ingestion of trophozoites in contaminated food or water, through poor hygiene, crowded or unsanitary conditions, or on fomites. Zoonotic transmission is possible from dogs, cats, and other animal species to humans.  It is not transmitted sexually or through vectors.

Trichomonas gallinae
The parasite causes avian trichomoniasis. When present, it is usually found in the upper digestive tract of many species of doves and gallinaceous birds. Some strains may also produce liver and lung lesions. The parasite is transferred to young from the mother during feeding. Transmission between birds may also occur from contaminated feed and water. Infection by this trichomonad can be fatal. The presence of this organism in doves is a common source of infection of falcons and hawks feeding on them.

Trichomonas gallinarum
This parasite is mainly detected in cecum and liver of gallinaceous birds but it can also be found in other visceral organs of the infected animals. T. gallinarum affects many birds including poultry, and can cause morbidity and mortality especially in young birds.

Tritrichomonas foetus/suis
T. foetus and T. suis are almost identical in genomic composition, morphologic structures, ultrastructure, distribution, host specificity, characteristics of in vitro cultivation, immunology and biochemistry (Lun et al., 2005). Thus, it has been proposed that T. foetus and T. suis are synonyms. While the parasite can be found in the nasal passage, stomach, colon and large intestine of swine, it does not appear to cause major health problems in them.

This trichomonad, however, causes trichomoniasis in cattle, resulting in significant economic loss. The parasite is sexually transmitted and resides in the reproductive tract of cattle. In females, the infection may result in low-grade inflammation, sterility and poor conception rate. In males, symptoms vary from no apparent signs to inflammation of the prepuce. Treatment is difficult and usually not attempted. Slaughter or breeding rest (females) are the usual methods employed in dealing with bovine trichomoniasis.

Like other trichomonads, this organism multiplies by simple binary fission and does not posses a cyst stage. This organism is called Tritrichomonas foetus because it has three long flagella at one end.

Traditionally, diagnosis was mainly based on microscopic evaluation of the trophozoite stage. Mucus, exudates or saline washes from the vagina and preputial cavity are the best samples for microscopic examination. In cases of abortion, allantoic and amniotic fluids as well as fetal tissues and membranes are examined. Serologic detection by agglutination is also possible. However, none of these testing methods are very sensitive, resulting in high false negative rates.

Trichomonas vaginalis
T. vaginalis causes human trichomoniasis. This parasite also resides in the human reproductive tract. This is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases of man and often occurs with other more severe concurrent infections. Chronic reproductive and urinary problems may result in females. The parasite is transmitted sexually. Prevalence in human populations varies between 10 and 25% among women. Only about 15% of infected women show clinical signs; many infected women are asymptomatic carriers.

Other trichomonads known to infect humans include Trichomonas tenax from the tarter and gums of the mouth and Pentatrichomonas hominis from the human colon.

Trichomonas equi
This parasite lives in the intestine of horses and can be a potential cause of diarrhea in foals.

Diagnosis of trichomoniasis may not be easy due to clinical symptoms which may resemble those of poxvirus, candidiasis or vitamin A deficiency. Trichomonas can be misidentified in initial microscopic examination because of its similarity to Giardia. The other difficulty in identification of this parasite is that the trichomonad does not survive long after the death of the host. Complementary testing by PCR may be used to eliminate false negative microscopy results. Molecular detection by PCR does not require living parasites and provides a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.

Utilities:

• Help confirm the disease causing agent
• Environmental monitoring
• Help ensure that individual mammals and birds are free of these parasites
• Early prevention of spread of these parasites among flocks and herds
• Minimize human exposure to these parasites
• Safety monitoring of biological products and vaccines that derive from susceptible birds and mammals

References:
Lun, Z.R., Chen, X.G., Zhu, X.Q., Li, X.R. and Xie, M.Q. (2005) Are Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas suis synonyms? Trends Parasitol. 21:122-125.

Crucitti T, Abdellati S, Ross DA, Changalucha J, Dyck E, Buve A. Detection of Pentatrichomonas hominis DNA in biological specimens by PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2004;38(6):510-6.

Specimen requirements: Rectal, vaginal, cloacal, oral, nasal or other mucus secretion swab, or 0.2 ml feces, or 0.2 ml fresh, frozen or fixed tissue, or 0.2 ml cell culture.

Contact Zoologix if advice is needed to determine an appropriate specimen type for a specific diagnostic application. For specimen types not listed here, please contact Zoologix to confirm specimen acceptability and shipping instructions.

For all specimen types, if there will be a delay in shipping, or during very warm weather, refrigerate specimens until shipped and ship with a cold pack unless more stringent shipping requirements are specified. Frozen specimens should be shipped so as to remain frozen in transit. See shipping instructions for more information.

Turnaround time: 2 business days

Methodology: Qualitative real time PCR

Normal range: Nondetected