avian & livestock assay data sheet
Jena virus
Test code:
S0183
-
Ultrasensitive qualitative detection of Jena
virus by reverse transcription coupled real time polymerase chain
reaction
Noroviruses
are small nonenveloped viruses with a positive-sense,
single-stranded RNA genome of 7.5 kb. Currently, noroviruses are
classified into five genogroups: human noroviruses belong to
genogroups I, II and IV; bovine noroviruses belong to genogroup
III; porcine noroviruses belong to genogroup II; and murine
noroviruses belong to genogroup V. Within genogroup III, two
genotypes of bovine norovirus exist: these are represented by
genotype 1, Jena virus (JV), which was isolated from cattle in
Germany; and genotype 2, Newbury 2 virus, which was identified
in the feces of diarrheic calves in the United Kingdom.
Norovirus
infections are the most frequent cause of nonbacterial diarrheic
disease in humans and in several animal species. However,
noroviruses belonging to genogroup III, including Jena virus,
have not been reported in humans and do not appear to cause
human disease.
Studies have
shown that there are differences in the epidemiological
distribution and pathogenicity between the two genotypes of
genogroup III bovine noroviruses. Genotype 2 (Newbury 2 virus)
has been predominantly found in calves in the Netherlands,
United Kingdom, United States, South Korea, Belgium, and
Hungary. Conventionally-kept calves inoculated at 1 to 8 days of
age with this virus had little or no diarrhea. In gnotobiotic
calves, mild diarrhea, transient anorexia, and xylose
malabsorption were the common clinical signs after infection
with Newbury 2 virus. On the other hand, when newborn calves
were infected with genotype 1 (Jena virus), diarrhea was
consistently shown.
Viral
culture detection of noroviruses is difficult because they do
not grow well in culture. Antigen detection has low sensitivity.
However, molecular detection by PCR is sensitive, specific and
fast (Otto et al., 2011).
Utilities:
-
Help confirm the disease causing agent
-
Shorten the time required to confirm a clinical
diagnosis of Jena virus infection.
-
Help ensure that herds are free of Jena virus
-
Early prevention of spread of this virus
-
Minimize personnel exposure to this virus
-
Safety monitoring of biological products and vaccines
that derive from susceptible animals
References:
Otto, P.H., Clarke, I.N. Lambden, P.R., Salim, O., Reetz, I. and
Liebler-Tenorio, E. M. (2011) Infection of calves with bovine
norovirus GIII.1 strain Jena Virus: an experimental model to
study the pathogenesis of norovirus infection. J. Virol. 85:
12013-12021.
Specimen requirements: 0.2 ml
feces, or rectal swab, or 0.2 ml
culture.
Contact Zoologix if advice is needed to determine an appropriate specimen type for a specific diagnostic application. For specimen types not listed here, please contact Zoologix to confirm specimen acceptability and shipping instructions.
For all
specimen types, if there will be a delay in shipping, or during
very warm weather, refrigerate specimens until shipped and ship
with a cold pack unless more stringent shipping requirements are
specified. Frozen specimens should be shipped so as to remain
frozen in transit. See shipping
instructions for more information.
Turnaround time:
2 business days
Methodology:
Qualitative reverse transcription coupled real time PCR
Normal range:
Nondetected